The occurrence state of vanadium in a clay vanadium mine in Sichuan was comprehensively studied by means of mineral phase microscope, scanning electron microscope, electron probe and X-ray energy spectrum elemental surface analysis. The sample is aluminum clay rock with V2O5 content of 0.93%. The total amount of clay minerals is 61.7%, the content of quartz is 13.4%, and the content of pyrite is 17.1%. The sample has a typical clay structure with fine mineral particle size. Vanadium has two modes of occurrence, one is in the form of independent minerals of vanadium mica, and the other is in the form of isomorphism and phase in sericite and illite. The average vanadium content of typical test points is 0.873%, and that of fm-5 sample points is 2.143%, which is vanadium mica. Fm-6 sample contains 0.138% vanadium, which is illite containing vanadium. Vanadium content at fm-7 measuring point is 0.333%, which is sericite containing vanadium. Vanadium mica, illite and sericite are similar in structure and extremely fine in particle size, so they cannot be separated. Therefore, they should be used as an integral unit to recycle vanadium. It is suggested that pyrite be removed by flotation, and then Quartz and clay minerals be separated by scrubbing-desliming to realize vanadium enrichment.